DARK STARS, THE FIRST

In the very early story of our universe, its appearance was murky, dark, and indistinguishable. There was no lit up portion. This probably includes the age of dark which was obscured.

Activity grew. The dark universe was not inactive then. Just not visible. Visibility was not yet achievable, yet the chemicals were forming in dark conglomerations. The chemicals mixed around and began forming in the dark. Various combination of molecules produced different kinds of matter. It still remained dark but forming. Hence, dark matter has been around for a long time and plays a central role for universe development. The stars did not burn hydrogen then, hydrogen nucleation had not yet developed. Energy was supplied by dark matter annihilation, not nuclear fusion.

Dark energy  and matter does not interact with the more visible electromagnetic elements. Yet, the elements continued forming different combinations and eventually the combinations and conditions with the halos brought about ignitable chemistry which developed into burning stars.

However, the Dark Stars were formed before the hydrogen started burning. The dark matter had chemical combinations already and those, probably drawing on gravity, accreted elements which early on had formed gigantic stars and populated the dimension of the universe. Accretion brought together dark matter and baryonic matter.  From that mini haloes formed from which disks developed and became the bedrock for stellar formation. Being that helium and hydrogen stars had not yet started, the Dark Stars were predecessors to today's universe makeup and stellar light. Hence, they are the first stars by an altogether different process." "However, this standard picture could change if an additional heat source is present, such as dark matter annihilation. In this case, the collapse process could be halted due to dark matter heating, resulting in drastically different objects known as dark stars."* "dark matter annihilation  must start heating the hydrogen cloud faster than it cools due to various baryonic cooling processes at some point during the collapse of the hydrogen cloud. When this happens, the dark matter power will slow down the contraction of the hydrogen cloud and a dark star is formed once the system has reached hydrostatic equilibrium."*

They are not dark because they have no light, in fact it is likely that they were so bright that they could shine like quasars. It may be that the dark star does not burn hot enough to produce helium emission but stay in an absorption state for that reason and so does not become luminous, which especially after all this passage would have it be dim and hard to visibly locate.*

They are called dark because their source of combustion is from dark matter and so lit up the universe from its darkness. The dark stars do have hydrogen but are interlaced with dark matter which makes up only about 01 % of the volume. Presently, on the whole, the cosmos is composed of 1% lit material, almost 5% baryonic matter which is everything we see, and dark matter comprises about 23-7% which is 80+% of known matter so far unseen, but dark matter is diminishing volume to the largest mode-dark energy

* If one wants to garner more detail for this process, one may look at arxiv.org: 2205.10904.

It is said the dark star when losing equilibrium with dark matter and baryonic matter goes supernova then spews out heavy metals which add to composition elements of today's universe. The hot big bang was too hot to allow the heavier elements to go out while the Dark Stars are cooler and so heavier metals could be developed. "The dark matter power is spread out uniformly throughout the star that is too cool and diffuse to ignite nuclear fusion."*

It can be said Dark Stars are villiany. Their process from dark matter to annihilation may well have blocked or delayed the energy to ignite nuclear fusion of the stars we detect today populating the cosmos.

 

Features will continue to be sought out.

*An update article, "Dark Star Hypothesis Sees the Light of Day", July 20, 2023, "Physics 16, 127, has a statement said by Katherine Freese on finding dark stars: :In 2008, Katherine Freese...and her colleagues. Initially, the researchers were unsure if these objects would emit light to be visible, so they called them dark stars. Later, they calculated that a single dark star could be as bright as a galaxy." 'The name dark star turned out to be a misnomer,' Freese says." But they kept it due to name association with the same title from Crosby, Stills and Nash, and the Grateful Dead.

Further references:

"Dark Stars: the first stars in the universe", Amanda Doyle, "All About Space",

July 31, 2021.

"What Is a Dark Star?", Christian Coterneo, July 25, 2019, Treehugger.

"Dark Stars come into the light", Mare Johnson-Groh, September 26, 2018.

"'Dark Stars' may have populated the early universe", Jon Cartwright, physicsworld.com. Dec. 06, 2007. "The effect of Dark Matter on the first stars: a new phase of stellar evolution", Katherine Freese, Paolo Gondolo, Douglas Spolyar,

arxiv.org: 0709. 2369, Sept. 14, 2007.

"First Evidence of Dark Stars?", The Physics arxiv Blog, May 15, 2023. "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST?", Cosmin Ilie, Jillian Paulin, arxiv.org: 2304.011173. April 12, 2023.