Black Holes or DE??

In 1998 it was observed the universe's expansion is accelerating. This is widely attributed to what is pressure termed Dark Energy.

It was thought to largely have a global impact on the universe and nothing more known for sure. Two scientists, Kevin Croker a postdoctoral and Joel Weiner, find that the growth rate of the universe can be sensitive to averaged contribution of such compact objects (GEODE, generic objects of dark energy). Much is based on Formalism of Friedmann's Cosmology of pressure and symmetry.

Recently at the University of Hawaii at Monoa, the two scientists have a new plot on the books. Dark Energy is there  as a surprise factor within the universe. They find that collapsing stars may not always become Black Holes. Dark Energy equation of state is there in the interior. Some of the assumed Black Holes may in effect be GEODE, i.e., stars collapse is due to Dark Energy. This may be borne out by observations collected from LIGO. This will indicate a change in Einstein's general relativity scheme. This also may have implications on the evolvement of the early cosmos and the dark sector.

GEODE may not be of a singularity but rather of Dark Energy. Likely then that not all collapsed large stars as they initially appear are black holes but may be GEODE which may show also as a vacuum bubble. A candidate where the center is not a black hole but a GEODE is galaxy M87. Its composition could be of a different origin than collapsed star black hole. It is possible some of the early affected galaxies will be discerned blueshifted.

"It is clear now that General Relativity can observably connect collapsed stars-regions the size of Honolulu."

Kevin Croker has put out another paper on the subject.

The present GEODE was preceded in Leningrad in 1966 by a proposal of a physicist, Erast Gliner, that stellar collapse of large stars would proceed differently due to the presence of something else that acts like gravity.

Overall, there is still a wide variety of approaches toward the presence of black holes and their composition in science, including a few who say black holes don't exist.

There is a lot of speculation that if anything will encompass the whole universe, it could well be cosmic voids which are ever expanding while matter shrinks away and leaves voids ever more space to fill.

[Example: research 'fifth force']