Broader growth cultures spectrum

The following may be considered by some as synoptic examples of weak dependence

The purpose here is give examples of broadening of thought spectrum in that other than having tight constraints, these allow the subjective peripheries to be sources from which can spring novel approaches and expansion of horizons

In some of these systems, there is a thorough-going attempt to determine how does one know that they know, or by what means ascertainable knowing comes about.

Ethical Relativism:

authors: Herodotus (484-420 B.C.E.) of Greece, Mahavira of India (~599-527 B.C.E.), "Anekantavada"; Umasvati (2nd century C.E.), Haribhadra (8th century C.E.) of India; Walter Terence Stace; R.M. Hare

This way conveys that with multiple input, situations cannot be dominated by one view or proposition. Connotations are always varied as situations and contributing factors are not the same. All views are to be taken into consideration in that all input is concurrent and in play. This makes it difficult to pinpoint or isolate a particular input to describe an issue or to produce a distinct good or bad determination. The India authors depicted theirs with the Syad  or Syadvada system and the seven propositions called saptabhangi-naya.

Socratic questioning/dialogue (and other similar exploratory methods):

Socrates (~ 400 B.C.E.), Plato of Greece

Extensive, open ended exploratory questioning on an issue or subject, including the questioner (self). Method of extensive, focused examination which may or not result in a distinct determination or resolution. May involve redirection of question (metanoia). Rhetorical questioning and exploration.

For making a resolution, there is the dialogue. An examination of an issue takes contrasting positions and tries to resolve by a consensus of disparate participators. Which may not necessarily come to an expected resolution since likely many disparate factors or issues may be entered and considered or equivocated rather than focus solely on one.

Dialectial relativism:

Dialectical reasoning, discourse or dialectical logic styles date far back into ancient Greece, China and India. Relativism is found likewise to be very old. Often in the ancient texts, relativism is found in discussions, debates, analysis and analysis techniques. It is utilized more as a science of ascertainment and verification than specific empirical discovery, although the process can lead to discovery.

Relativism is still utilized, much of it is evident in Albert Einstein's works and other scientists of that time and is brought forward to the present, and is very present in today's philosophies, analysis etc. Works on science and literature refer to passages.

Orthopraxy:

This style concentrates on development and ascertainment of objectives by practice (praxsis)  rather than authority or orthodox texts alone. It is found interwoven in many systems and disciplines. Very old and because it has a verbal history, an exact date ascribed to its arising is unclear.

Naturalism:

Leucippus, Democritus, ca. 5th century B.C.E.

Posits that nature and its myriad operations, which may be incomprehensible, are all there is that makes up the world and nothing more. All experiences are inclusive and explained by nature and its operations, whether they make a sensible order or not.

Existentialism:

modern authors: Soren A. Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Jean Paul Sartre, Martin Buber, Gabriel Marcel

Conveys that the existence of a condition or circumstance takes precedence over any principle, or that an act is taking precedence without a priori or any moral precedence for it such as good or bad. Asserts free will as initial condition or expression before anything else is developed. In short, existence precedes any concept determination.

Mayavada (India) :

authors: Guadapada, Sankara

In early India systems, Maya was perceived as the transformative veil (vibhuti) from which anything became known including the whole universe. At one time it did not exist then it exists. Therefore it was veiled otherwise it would have been earlier perceived.

 Later, knowledge came from penetrating and understanding this complex veiling, which may involve existence (affirmed), nonexistence(negated) and non nonexistence which obscures all from being fully grasped or known. A treatment example is negation of non nonexistence, can be found in current treatises and in science propositions.

One treated obstacle is that there is no evidence that the senses and the brain are sensitive or arranged to perceive all forms of energy, therefore nothing can be known with absolute certainty and perception is not constant and can be misleading in regard to fullness of function

illusion:

Parmenides of Greece

perceptions are illusions from the organ of perception (brain)

It will be difficult to determine absolutely any perception as it is improbable that correlation with anything can be totally coordinated with a brain or network of perception  Parmenides thought natural appearances cloaked the underlying true constitution nature of reality.

transitoriness:

there is no unchangeable object, object-identity is subject to change, objects are impermanent, fleeting.  Even in today's physics, there are claims that there is no such thing as an atom because they are found to be in a state of flux or are always changing. The one making an expression is not the same molecularly because the molecules have changed since the inception. Thereby there is nothing that can be permanently pointed to. No nature is immutable. This particular response is recorded 1900 years ago in India by Nagarjuna about atoms  using dialectical reasoning* (and there were no microscopes way back then!) and persists today amongst some physicists. It may be the Heisenberg principle could indirectly be modernly similar and others who advocate quantum scenarios.

*"If you analyze by spatial division even the atom is seen to possess parts. That which is analyzed into parts, how can that logically be an atom?"-Nagarjuna.

chameleon:

This presents a nature that is always in change, unpredictable, nothing is stable. Features are always subject to interchanging at all locations In recent science, it may address the continuous presence of variety that often confounds scientists who seek stability.

sunya (void) (India):

authors: Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Candrakirti

There is nothing that is perceived in the brain or inner or outer perception

Negative, positive, neutral in statement or perception do not apply, do not avail. No expression of any kind or utterance, philosophical stance can be substantiated. Anything physical or mental is imperfectly perceived and thereby errant, hence there is no kind of substrate or foundation to explain experience by any means and there is no being or organism to perceive. "Is" and "Be" cannot be posited. Thereby, all is sunya (void) and there is no such thing as sunya either.

By orthopraxsis, there is realization that nothing anywhere that is immutable and is found that there is nothing that has intrinsic, self identity nature and no source or beginning. Thereby, everything done is in an untethered, open mode, no constraints what so ever. This results in no categorical constraints and may expunge expression altogether. Only realization is that everything is non-production.

This "Middle Way" (Sunyavada) school amongst other India schools promoted the use of zero (sunya) at a time when other schools in the world avoided using zero around the 1st millennium A.D.