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A laser-ion engine is a device that uses a combination of a laser and an ion engine to create a cascade of discharges that accelerate particles and lead to thrust generation.

 

The scheme of the laser-ion engine includes the following main components:

1. Laser �" used to excite and accelerate electrons in the ionization of the working gas.

2. Power supply �" provides power to the laser and other engine components.

3. Optical system �" directs the laser beam to the ionizer, where the ionization process takes place.

4. Ionizer �" responsible for the ionization of the working gas by irradiating it with a laser and creating plasma.

5. Ion accelerator �" accelerates and directs charged particles towards the nozzle, creating thrust.

6. Nozzle �" releases accelerated ions at high speed, which generates thrust and ensures the movement of the spacecraft.

which allows the use of a laser to generate and accelerate ions, which leads to the creation of high-precision and powerful thrust to move spacecraft.

 

 

The laser-ion engine works by ionizing and accelerating gas ions using a laser. The process begins with the ionization of gas inside the engine using laser radiation. When gas atoms become ionized, they acquire a positive or negative charge and become ions. The electric field inside the engine then accelerates the ions and drives them out of the engine at high speed, creating thrust.

 

This type of engine is commonly used in spacecraft to change their speed and direction of flight. The laser-ion engine has many advantages such as high efficiency, long service life and the absence of stationary parts, which makes it ideal for long-term space missions. However, this type of engine usually has low thrust, so it is mainly used for maneuvering in outer space.

 

 

 

 

The device consists of a source of pulsed laser radiation, an optical node with a radiation concentrator, the first reflector of which is made in the form of a mirror cone-shaped figure of rotation, the forming surface of which is a part of a short-focus parabola forming an optical system for receiving and matching the aperture of the laser beam with the dimensions of the optical node and the formation of a flat radiation front, as well as a gas-dynamic node located coaxially with the hub.

 

. A pulsed periodic laser has been selected as the source of laser radiation. From a laser pulse-periodic radiation source, the beam enters the forming optical system. In the proposed design, laser radiation is supplied to the engine unconventionally, i.e. not from the nozzle side, but from the opposite side. From the forming optical system, the beam is directed to a radiation concentrator consisting of two reflecting mirrors. When hitting the first mirror cone-shaped reflector O1, due to the fact that the surface forming it is made in the form of a segment of a short-focus parabola, and the incident beam is flat, the beam is reflected and focused. Next, the beam hits the O2 reflector. One of the foci of the O2 reflector is combined with the focus of the O1 reflector, and the second focus of the O2 reflector is combined with the area of formation of the laser breakdown of the working medium of the engine. Next, the reflected beam is focused at a point behind the reflector O1, forming an optical breakdown.

 

When laser radiation interacts with the working medium of the engine, its optical breakdown or evaporation occurs, and plasma is formed that absorbs laser radiation. As a result, a system of shock waves and satellite flows behind them is formed, leading to the formation of a gas dynamic flow directed to the outlet part of the nozzle and to the creation of jet thrust. The working medium of the engine is supplied to the optical breakdown area. Gaseous, liquid or solid fuels are used as the working medium. The disadvantage of this technical solution is the displacement of the center of gravity of the engine to the forward point due to the peculiarities of finding the source of laser radiation, and, as a result, the lack of stabilization of the engine in pitch and yaw, as well as due to the difficult requirements for the alignment of the engine and the laser beam.

Forming a through hole in which a cathode-neutralizer is installed, the electrodes of the ion-optical system are made in the form of rings, the inner perimeters of which they are fixed on the inner wall of the housing and isolated from each other and from it, and the gas discharge chamber contains at least one annular magnetic circuit and an annular discharge chamber, the supply unit of the working fluid of which is made in the form of an annular gas distributor anode installed inside it, while the discharge chamber is located inside an annular magnetic circuit covering it, the poles of which they cover the rings of the discharge chamber, and the magnetic circuit is equipped with a magnet.

 

Next, all the laser and ion energy comes into contact, the propeller rotates and creates flows of the laser ion engine, which allows you to fly fast and well.

The Laser Ion Detonation Engine (LIDD) is a modern type of rocket engine that uses a combination of three different technologies: laser detonation, ion acceleration and detonation combustion.

 

The LIDD scheme includes the following main components:

 

1. Laser source - used to create laser radiation, which is then directed to the working fuel in the combustion chamber.

 

2. The combustion chamber is a place where explosive combustion of fuel occurs under the influence of laser radiation. As a result of this process, combustion products are released, which create high pressure and temperature inside the chamber.

 

3. Ion accelerator - used to accelerate high-energy ions formed as a result of fuel combustion. These ions create thrust directed towards the movement of the engine.

 

4. Cooling system - designed to cool the working fuel and stabilize the temperature inside the combustion chamber to prevent overheating and damage to engine components.

 

Thus, LIDD combines the advantages of laser detonation, ion acceleration and detonation combustion, which makes it possible to create a powerful and efficient engine for space exploration and interplanetary flights.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A portable computer with hologram function.

1.           1. Battery: the main power supply of the device. It is usually a lithium-ion rechargeable battery with a charging connector. 2. Heater: installed inside the vape and is responsible for heating and evaporation of the liquid. The heater can be made of various materials such as chrome, cantal or stainless steel. 3. Coil: This is a spiral wire wrapped around the wick. The coil is connected to a heater and heated to cause the vaping liquid to evaporate. 4. Wick: located in a liquid container and used for absorbing and transporting liquid to the heater. Cotton wicks are most often used because they provide good absorption. 5. Heating controller: the part of the device that regulates the heating temperature. Many modern vapes have a temperature control function that allows the user to set a certain temperature to avoid overheating or burning of the equipment. 6. Liquid container: a tank or reservoir where the vaping liquid is stored. The container usually has transparent walls, which allows users to see the liquid level and replace it if necessary. 7. Diathermic material: the part that is located between the heater and the wick to reduce the surface temperature of the heater and prevent possible burns.

2.           1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The main component responsible for performing all computing operations in the computer. 2. Graphics Processor (GPU): A special processor that provides graphics and 3D image processing, which is necessary for displaying holograms. 3. Random Access Memory (RAM): Stores temporary information necessary for processing hologram data. 4. Hard drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD): Used to store the operating system, programs and data. 5. Display matrix: A small high-pixel density display that is capable of displaying high-resolution holograms.

3.           6. Projector: The component responsible for creating a hologram by projecting an image onto the display matrix. 7. Sensors and cameras: Sensors and cameras are used to track the user's movement, which allows the hologram to change its position according to the user's position. 8. Battery: A laptop computer must have a built-in battery that provides energy for its operation without a network connection. 9. Control buttons and touch screen: In order for the user to interact with the hologram, the computer must have convenient control buttons and/or touch screen. 10. Wireless communication modules: The computer must support various types of wireless communication, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, to provide Internet access or data exchange with other devices.