Evolutionary biology ( free stlye )( unedited) Mostly everything i write is unedited.

just imagine how good my writings would be if i actually edited them.

                        How is it that evolutionary genealogy affects us differently from other species and what
                       similarities do we share with our common genealogical, evolutionary ancestors; how does
              genealogical evolution interconnect all of us?
      
                  The way genes change over time:
      Genes evolve, or in simple terms change over time, over millions of years that is, starting from a beginning point to an ongoing point that never ends. The main component that dominates the genetic process is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids), (evolutionary biology, chapter 11: Douglas J. Futuyma) and it is this process that uniquely fashions each and every organism on earth. The secondary component of the process is the codex and the codon that shape for the transcription for the switch over to newer, more developed genes (Natural selection: Douglas J. Futuyma Chapter 10, page 261-263) that encompasses the drift of naturally selected genes; this is in short the most amateur of ways to describe this. How fast this is done is up to the equation Ps times Br=c squared as spoken of in chapter 10 of natural selection once again, this equation means population size times the birth rate doubly done, equaling the competitions number. However much the competition takes over will compute for the drift of that species’ genes and the survival of them as well. The next and final process is molecular evolution and the variation of these molecules, this also involves mutation processes, but on this level it is once again due to the above equation. By the microscope, it is a biological process that includes the crossover of Rrna and the DNA, switching codons and bands that over time again, will change to suit the environment; for example: the cross of Chinchilla fungi’s Rrna with its DNA resulted in vast variation in each of its subspecies and its color reflection, (Molecules affect the DNA in color and stabilization; Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, 1953) in the South American forests.




                        Where we come from: (Hominids)

According to the hominoid fossil record, we diverged roughly between 6.5-7 mya(million years ago) while gorillas and orangutans persisted, implying that we co-existed with these primates, but we theoretically diverged from a separate common ancestor most likely coming about near the same time as the pan paniscus’  nearly 6-7 million years ago. Coincidentally, the earliest fossils found in relation to the hominid family is the genus Australopithecus, which can be seen in east Africa where they were first discovered in the mid 1900’s; some of which evidence that was uncovered was Australopithecus’ 3.6 million year old foot print.(Johanson and White:1979.) A selection of evidential features that resemble apes and can relate to us distantly are as follows: Bipedalism, and the enlarged connection between the feet and the pelvic bone; this is to mean that they could walk on two feet for short distances relaying to us that they were not fully bipedal, nor were they completely adapted to high grasslands, and in accordance to their physiological environment, they didn’t necessarily need it, although in some cases they could have made it useful in quarrelsome battles. Later on, another species named afarensis,(came about nearly 2 million years ago) which is related to the australopithecines family, split and began roaming North Africa with its familiars; some features that one could differentiate between its former subspecies of just merely Australopithecus, although some dispute that they are indistinguishable from one another, is its robust(Douglass J futuyma, chapter 17 Human evolution, page 514, line 23) and gracile formative heads as well as bodies that would help us further grasp taxonomizing them, as well as understanding them. The most prominent characteristic, biologically, between us humans and afarensis is indisputably the shape of the cranium, as well as its fortunate, sizable height in its head that can definitely be regarded as hominid-like. Various other forms, such as that of robustus and erectus, robustus arriving at about 2.0-1.0 mya (million years ago) and H.erectus, 1.89 million to 143,000 years ago are also a part of the hominoid family. To describe a few features of the two a list will be shown as follows: (Robustus- contained a cranium size of nearly 500cc; Erectus- also had the same sized cranium as robustus.) The last evidences of related hominids to homo sapiens are homo habilis and homo erectus which both diverged unknowingly from exactly what genera, but the brain size is well known for both subspecies to be around 775-850cc ( lasker and Tyzzer 1982.) (Paragraph 4, page 514, lines 1-19.)





     Our closest living relatives and how this fact affects us:

The closest living cousin of humans is by no doubt the pan paniscus, in other words known as the common Chimpanzee or primate. The code for the transcription of the homo sapien and pan paniscus is of the same codon-like translation, with a mere two alleles missing or opposing one another, ones that differ that is. It is so Small of a difference that we are known to be 98-99% the same as them, with exceptions of our physiology and Physical and ecological aspects, though even these are of much similarity. As an example, the dna sequences differences between us humans and the common chimpanzee is as stated ahead: Homo sapien- GCCCGATAAGCAC compared to that of pan paniscus, ( also known as pan troglodytes) is: Pan troglodytes-           GCCGAGAAGCAC.(Article: Chimp-human DNA Similarity: What Does It Really Mean, Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell June 3, 2013. Section 2, paragraph l4. )Which if even considered under amatuer studies, could obviously be seen as almost 100% identical thus showing us as a species, that we are literally, genetically, parallel to P. troglodytes and as of now there can’t really be any interfering disputations whatsoever.  One of secure skepticism, with no doubt a morale- type mind, might ask the question: what does this have to do with me anyways?Well, in genetics, as stated in the first topic, is essentially the building blocks or the stages of our evolutionary history and a way of a means to explain why we are the way we are, thats to say why not exactly how we are or what we are but to give an idea genealogically, why we are a certain way. As spoken of in the latter parts of this essay, there are transcriptions for codons, alleles, there are mutations in our bodies that can be observed microscopically, there are equations to prove how this occurs as spoken of above and there is little evidence to provoke the now known evidences of all of which was just listed.






                              

                How genes dominate my physical outlook and determine the traits I have:

We all look different and variably, we all have different traits, characteristics, features, physiological and chemical interiors and exteriors that shape us, no matter what our personal biases may be.The laymen may ask: “how can ‘genes’ possibly work to make ‘me’ look the way I am and portray my exteriorized attributes as they are seen today?” Well, to answer that question is actually quite simple. Its on average, on an easy level, that variances within our codex and genome itself and how they change and mutate within their environment. To paraphrase  Alfred Zayfernens,( Zayfernens 1931)“heritability from past gene codons and alleles that code from a parent and family tree, end up making your nose pointed or round, your arms long and shaggy or stocky and short.” Many people are tall and many people are short, on the basis of genome and varianced implication, this is a result from what particular genes have been passed on and what they had to experience variantly in their environment regardless of what anyone might think of otherwise from this fact. For example: the phenotype of human beings, that being the basic observatory understanding of exteriorized study of a particular organism, shows us the outlook of ourselves. In this, it may make the difference between a distorted brain or a perfectly synchronized, accurately agile neuronic pattern, or an average one at that. It isn't just the genetic passing overs to other organisms that is the criterial basis for that certain genera or organism or being, it is the environmental changes and under goings of that individual or population that is the significance between phenotype; in the words of llno Miko, “ Dominance affects the phenotype derived from an organism's genes, but it does not affect the way these genes are inherited. “ In other words generally, the genotype is the interior of dominance in organisms and its inner appearance and the phenotype is exteriorized or outer look of an organism, in this, the genotype is more dominant in chemical properties and leads into the phenotype, but the phenotype is the outer change and look that gives off sexual dominance, although none is viable without the other, and they must work together in the environment to make that synchronization that was talked about earlier, because without it, we wouldn't be the way we are today; we should take this into great consideration. After reading this, the common human shouldnt have as much confusion as they did when they began reading this or as before they did at all.





            The genetic interconnection:
Every species on the planet, whether animal, plant or extraterrestrial( tardigrade; the water bear) has DNA and a genetic variance, this genetic variance connects all of us in a unique way, in that dna cannot be the same in any one species and we all share similarities. Some such apparent obvious examples would be as such: Oxygen, and features such as gills or larynx or possibly movement or separation in marine life when compared to that of terrestrial life. Such simplistic things as cells, mitochondria, gaining energy from the sun and living in survival and in need of this structure for life in order to even live life itself.










                                    Conclusion:
To summarize the entirety of the essay one might say as such(If they were to look over it.): Genes involuntarily and voluntarily change over time to fit the need of the environment through multiple variances of interactions that can sometimes be abruptly dangerous and can sometimes be for the betterment of a higher taxa despite those dangers. Secondly. one who analyzes in summarization and, if they were to read through this essay might say nextly, that we indefinitely share major similarities with other apes and hominid-like ancestors, with such examples as: upright spinal chords, bipedal movements and skull girth as well as heightened craniums at the mm and cc level measurements. That we withhold a similar adaptability with them, that we were able to use opposable thumbs and make full use of our hands, as well as use major incorporated tools, such as rocks and sticks to innovate culturally and to make survival much inherently easier than from other species of earth. Thirdly, the possibly intelligent observer of this essay might add that we share a chemically biological genetic code sequenced parallelism with the pan paniscus(chimpanzee) only to be described as a 1-2 percent difference if at all any and that physically we don't really look that much different, besides a few things such as height difference and slight sexual, cultural and intelligence quotient speculatives.Next. the reader may tell listeners or themselves that, words called phenotype and genotype are major subject equations that makes us look and act how we do albeit, however the environment may affect us as well. They may go on to say that genes do affect the workings of the genotype but not heterozygously the phenotype, and that the phenotype does affect humans and all organisms personal outlook but not homozygously the genotype. Lastly, the viewer might input that the dna that we all share connects us all in the most obvious of ways, and that it is this dna code that makes us all a family, it can be easily seen and viewed on the family tree of life. How all marine life has gills and must use them to breath water, how all terrestrial life must have legs and adaptations to move and to walk and to literally survive. The reader might commence a factual opinion, with the proof presented, that the argument is very well thought out and very prestigiously written and that it would be difficult to not be understood or to disagree with thereof. (conclusion ending)